International Trade Concept Terms
International trade, also known as "world trade," refers to the exchange of goods and services (or goods, knowledge, and services) between the world. It consists of the foreign trade of various countries (regions) and is the sum of foreign trade of all countries in the world. International trade has taken place in the slave and feudal societies and gradually expanded with the development of production. To the capitalist society, its scale was unprecedentedly expanded and it was global.
Foreign Trade
Foreign trade, also known as "foreign trade" or "import and export trade," refers to the exchange of goods and services between a country (region) and another country (region). This trade consists of import and export. For countries (regions) into which goods or services are imported, they are imports; for countries (regions) that deliver goods or services, they are exports. This began to develop and develop in the slave society and the feudal society, and it developed even more rapidly in the capitalist society. Its nature and role are determined by different social systems.
Foreign trade value and foreign trade volume (I) Value of Foreign Trade
Foreign trade value is the amount of trade expressed in currency. The total value of a country's imports from abroad during a given period of time is referred to as the total amount of imports or the total amount of imports; the total value of a country's exports to foreign countries within a certain period of time is called the total amount of export trade or total exports. The sum of both imports and exports as a total or import and export volume is an important indicator of the scale of a country’s foreign trade. It is usually expressed in the national currency and is also expressed in the currency that is customarily used internationally. The statistical data on the foreign trade value of the countries of the world compiled and published by the United Nations is expressed in U.S. dollars.
The total amount of imports or the total amount of exports of all countries in the world will be added together in the same currency and converted to the total amount of world imports or the total amount of world exports. As far as international trade is concerned, the export of one country is the import of another country. If the sum of import and export values ​​of all countries is taken as the value of international trade, it is a double counting. Therefore, it is common to add the import and export value of each country as the value of international trade. Since countries generally calculate export value according to the FOB (FOB is the ship-shipping price at the port of departure, only cost, excluding freight and insurance), imports are calculated based on CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight). amount. Therefore, the total amount of world exports is slightly less than the total amount of world imports.
(B) Foreign Trade (Quantum of Foreign Trade)
The value of foreign trade represented by currency is often affected by price changes, which cannot accurately reflect the actual scale of a country’s foreign trade, and it cannot make direct comparisons of foreign trade values ​​in different periods. In order to reflect the actual scale of import and export trade, usually expressed as a trade index, the method is to calculate the trade value of each period according to a certain period of constant price, and use the import and export price index in addition to the import and export value to obtain the constant value. The trade value of the price calculation, which removes the price change factor, is the trade volume. Then, by comparing the trade volume index based on a certain period as the base period with the trade volume index of each period, a trade volume index that accurately reflects changes in the actual trade scale can be obtained.
General Trade and Special Trade (1) General Trade
Total trade is the symmetry of “specialized trade†and refers to the import and export trade divided by the national border. All goods that enter the country's borders are classified as total imports; goods that leave the country's borders are listed as total exports. The total exports include domestic product exports and unprocessed imports. Total imports plus total exports is the total trade volume of a country. The United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, China, the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and other countries adopted this classification standard.
(II) Special Trade
Special trade is the symmetry of “total trade†and refers to the import and export trade divided by customs. Only the goods that have entered the customs from foreign countries and the goods that have been brought into customs from the bonded warehouses are listed as special imports. When foreign goods enter the country's borders, they are temporarily stored in bonded warehouses and have not entered the customs territory. They are not classified as imported. Domestic products shipped out of customs at home and those that have been processed and shipped out of customs after import are classified as special exports. The amount of special imports plus special exports is called special trade volume. Germany, Italy and other countries adopt this classification standard.
Direct Trade and Indirect Trade (I) Direct Trade
Direct trade is the symmetry of "indirect trade" and refers to the act of direct selling and buying of goods by commodity-producing countries and commodity-consuming countries.
(II) Indirect Trade
Indirect trade is the symmetry of “direct trade†and refers to the behavior of commodity-producing countries and commodity-consuming countries that sell goods through third countries. Among them, the producing country is an indirect export; the consuming country is an indirect import; the third country is a re-export. Entrepot Trade refers to the trade between producing and consuming countries through a third country. Even if commodities are shipped directly from the producing country to the consumer country, as long as there is no direct transaction between the two, the transaction relationship between the third country re-exporter and the producing country and the consumer country will still belong to the category of entrepot trade.
Tangible trade and invisible trade (1) Visible Trade
Tangible trade is the symmetry of "intangible trade" and refers to the import and export trade of goods. Since the business portal is a tangible physical object that can be seen, the import and export of goods is called the tangible import and export, that is, tangible trade. There are various types of tangible goods in international trade. To facilitate statistics, the United Nations Secretariat drafted the UN International Standard Classification of International Trade in 1950, which was revised in 1960 and 1974 respectively. In the 1974 revision, international trade commodities were divided into 10 categories, 63 chapters, 233 groups, 786 groupings and 1924 basic items. The 10 categories of commodities are: food and live animals mainly for consumption (0); beverages and tobacco (1); non-food raw materials other than fuel (2); fossil fuels, lubricants and related raw materials (3); Animal and vegetable fats and oils and fats (4); Unlisted chemicals and related products (5); Finished products mainly classified by raw materials (6); Machinery and transport equipment (7); Miscellaneous products (8); The basic product (9). In international trade, 0 to 4 commodities are generally called primary products, and 5 to 8 commodities are called finished products.
(B) Invisible Trade
Intangible trade is the symmetry of "tangible trade" and refers to income and expenses incurred in the import and export of labor or other non-physical goods. It mainly includes: (1) Revenues and expenditures of all subordinate costs related to the import and export of goods, such as transportation fees, insurance fees, commodity processing fees, loading and unloading fees, etc.; (2) Other income and expenditure unrelated to the import and export of goods, such as international tourism Expenses, diplomatic personnel fees, remittances from expatriates, fees for the use of patent franchise, dividends and dividends remitted back from foreign investment, income and expenditure of services provided by companies or individuals abroad. The income in the above items is called "intangible exports"; the expenditures in the above items are called "intangible imports."
Since tangible trade is due to customs clearance, its amount is shown in the customs statistics of a country; intangible trade does not go through customs procedures, and its amount is not reflected in customs statistics, but it is displayed on a national balance of payments.
Re-export and re-import (I) Re-export
Re-export refers to the fact that foreign merchants' mouths are exported without processing after being imported, and are also called re-exports. Re-exports are largely related to the operation of re-export trade.
(B) Re-import
Re-import refers to the export of domestic goods to foreign countries, which are imported into China without processing and also called re-import. Many re-imports were caused by accidental reasons such as export returns.
Term of Trade Terms of Trade (Terms of Trade) are also known as exchange rates or trade prices, that is, the ratio between export prices and import prices, that is, how many imported goods can be exchanged for one unit of export goods. It is calculated using the export price index and the import price index. The formula for calculation is: export price index/import price index X100. For a certain period of time as the base period, first calculate the base-period import-export price ratio as 100, and then calculate the import-export price ratio in the comparison period. Then compare it with the base period, if it is greater than 100, it means that the trade terms are more favorable than the base period; Less than 100 means that the terms of trade are worse than the base period, and the exchange efficiency is worse than the base period.
Geographical Direction of Foreign Trade and International Trade (1) Geographical Direction of Foreign Trade Geographical directions of foreign trade, also known as the distribution of foreign trade regions or country structures, refer to the status of various countries or regional groups in a country’s foreign trade during a certain period of time. They are usually expressed as the proportion of their total imports or exports in the country or total imports and total exports. The geographic direction of foreign trade indicates the destination of a country’s exports and the origin of imported goods, thus reflecting the degree of economic and trade links between a country and other countries or regional groups. The geographical orientation of a country’s foreign trade is usually influenced by economic complementarities, the form of international division of labor, and trade policies.
(II) Geographical Direction of International Trade The geographical direction of international trade, also known as “International Trade by Regionâ€, is used to indicate the status of various continents, countries, or regional groups in international trade. Calculating the proportion of countries in international trade can not only calculate the proportion of each country's import and export volume in the world's total import and export volume, but also calculate the proportion of the total import and export volume of each country in the total amount of international trade (the total volume of world imports and exports).
Since foreign trade is the exchange of goods between a country and other countries, the foreign trade is classified and analyzed according to the classification of goods and by country, that is, by combining the study of commodity structure and geographical direction, a country can be identified. The destination of different types of goods in exports and the sources of different types of goods in imports are of great significance.
Foreign Trade and International Trade Commodity Structure Foreign trade commodity structure refers to the composition of various commodities in a country's import and export trade in a certain period of time, that is, the ratio of the import and export trade of a certain category or certain commodity to the total import and export trade, in terms of share. Indicated. The structure of international trade commodities refers to the composition of major commodities or certain commodities in the entire international trade in a certain period of time. That is, the trade volume of each major commodity or certain commodity is compared with the total export trade volume of the world and expressed by the proportion. For ease of analysis and comparison, countries in the world and the United Nations compare and analyze the international trade and foreign trade commodity structure published by the United Nations "International Trade Commodity Standard Classification" (SITC).
A country’s foreign trade commodity structure can reflect the country’s economic development level, industrial structure status, and the level of scientific and technological development.
The structure of international trade commodities can reflect the level of economic development, the state of industrial structure, and the level of technological development of the entire world.
Intellectual Property Trade According to the “Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement†reached by the Uruguay Round of the GATT, intellectual property rights include the following: copyrights, patents, trademarks, geographical indications, industrial designs, integrated circuits, designs (distributions) Etc. are important intangible assets that are protected by special laws.
Trade in services According to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATT) concluded by the Uruguay Round of the GATT, service trade means: “provide services from one member’s territory to any other member’s territory; provide service to any other member’s service consumer within one member’s territoryâ€. A member's service provider provides services in commercial presence within any other member's territory; a member's service provider provides services in the presence of natural persons within the territory of any other member." The service department includes the following: business services, communications services, construction And related engineering services, sales services, education services, environmental services, financial services, health and social services, tourism-related services, entertainment, culture and sports services, and transportation services.
Balance of trade is the difference between the total value of a country's exports over a given period of time (eg, one year, six months, one season, and one month) and the total value of imports. When the total value of exports equals the total value of imports, it is called the "trade balance." When the total value of exports is greater than the total value of imports, there will be a trade surplus, which will be referred to as "trade surplus" or "exceeding." When the total value of imports is greater than the total value of exports, a trade deficit occurs, which is referred to as "trade deficit" or "increase." Usually, the trade surplus is expressed in positive numbers and the trade deficit is expressed in negative numbers.
The balance of a country’s import and export trade is an important part of its current account in the international balance of payments, and it is an important factor affecting a country’s international balance of payments.
Foreign Trade
Foreign trade, also known as "foreign trade" or "import and export trade," refers to the exchange of goods and services between a country (region) and another country (region). This trade consists of import and export. For countries (regions) into which goods or services are imported, they are imports; for countries (regions) that deliver goods or services, they are exports. This began to develop and develop in the slave society and the feudal society, and it developed even more rapidly in the capitalist society. Its nature and role are determined by different social systems.
Foreign trade value and foreign trade volume (I) Value of Foreign Trade
Foreign trade value is the amount of trade expressed in currency. The total value of a country's imports from abroad during a given period of time is referred to as the total amount of imports or the total amount of imports; the total value of a country's exports to foreign countries within a certain period of time is called the total amount of export trade or total exports. The sum of both imports and exports as a total or import and export volume is an important indicator of the scale of a country’s foreign trade. It is usually expressed in the national currency and is also expressed in the currency that is customarily used internationally. The statistical data on the foreign trade value of the countries of the world compiled and published by the United Nations is expressed in U.S. dollars.
The total amount of imports or the total amount of exports of all countries in the world will be added together in the same currency and converted to the total amount of world imports or the total amount of world exports. As far as international trade is concerned, the export of one country is the import of another country. If the sum of import and export values ​​of all countries is taken as the value of international trade, it is a double counting. Therefore, it is common to add the import and export value of each country as the value of international trade. Since countries generally calculate export value according to the FOB (FOB is the ship-shipping price at the port of departure, only cost, excluding freight and insurance), imports are calculated based on CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight). amount. Therefore, the total amount of world exports is slightly less than the total amount of world imports.
(B) Foreign Trade (Quantum of Foreign Trade)
The value of foreign trade represented by currency is often affected by price changes, which cannot accurately reflect the actual scale of a country’s foreign trade, and it cannot make direct comparisons of foreign trade values ​​in different periods. In order to reflect the actual scale of import and export trade, usually expressed as a trade index, the method is to calculate the trade value of each period according to a certain period of constant price, and use the import and export price index in addition to the import and export value to obtain the constant value. The trade value of the price calculation, which removes the price change factor, is the trade volume. Then, by comparing the trade volume index based on a certain period as the base period with the trade volume index of each period, a trade volume index that accurately reflects changes in the actual trade scale can be obtained.
General Trade and Special Trade (1) General Trade
Total trade is the symmetry of “specialized trade†and refers to the import and export trade divided by the national border. All goods that enter the country's borders are classified as total imports; goods that leave the country's borders are listed as total exports. The total exports include domestic product exports and unprocessed imports. Total imports plus total exports is the total trade volume of a country. The United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, China, the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and other countries adopted this classification standard.
(II) Special Trade
Special trade is the symmetry of “total trade†and refers to the import and export trade divided by customs. Only the goods that have entered the customs from foreign countries and the goods that have been brought into customs from the bonded warehouses are listed as special imports. When foreign goods enter the country's borders, they are temporarily stored in bonded warehouses and have not entered the customs territory. They are not classified as imported. Domestic products shipped out of customs at home and those that have been processed and shipped out of customs after import are classified as special exports. The amount of special imports plus special exports is called special trade volume. Germany, Italy and other countries adopt this classification standard.
Direct Trade and Indirect Trade (I) Direct Trade
Direct trade is the symmetry of "indirect trade" and refers to the act of direct selling and buying of goods by commodity-producing countries and commodity-consuming countries.
(II) Indirect Trade
Indirect trade is the symmetry of “direct trade†and refers to the behavior of commodity-producing countries and commodity-consuming countries that sell goods through third countries. Among them, the producing country is an indirect export; the consuming country is an indirect import; the third country is a re-export. Entrepot Trade refers to the trade between producing and consuming countries through a third country. Even if commodities are shipped directly from the producing country to the consumer country, as long as there is no direct transaction between the two, the transaction relationship between the third country re-exporter and the producing country and the consumer country will still belong to the category of entrepot trade.
Tangible trade and invisible trade (1) Visible Trade
Tangible trade is the symmetry of "intangible trade" and refers to the import and export trade of goods. Since the business portal is a tangible physical object that can be seen, the import and export of goods is called the tangible import and export, that is, tangible trade. There are various types of tangible goods in international trade. To facilitate statistics, the United Nations Secretariat drafted the UN International Standard Classification of International Trade in 1950, which was revised in 1960 and 1974 respectively. In the 1974 revision, international trade commodities were divided into 10 categories, 63 chapters, 233 groups, 786 groupings and 1924 basic items. The 10 categories of commodities are: food and live animals mainly for consumption (0); beverages and tobacco (1); non-food raw materials other than fuel (2); fossil fuels, lubricants and related raw materials (3); Animal and vegetable fats and oils and fats (4); Unlisted chemicals and related products (5); Finished products mainly classified by raw materials (6); Machinery and transport equipment (7); Miscellaneous products (8); The basic product (9). In international trade, 0 to 4 commodities are generally called primary products, and 5 to 8 commodities are called finished products.
(B) Invisible Trade
Intangible trade is the symmetry of "tangible trade" and refers to income and expenses incurred in the import and export of labor or other non-physical goods. It mainly includes: (1) Revenues and expenditures of all subordinate costs related to the import and export of goods, such as transportation fees, insurance fees, commodity processing fees, loading and unloading fees, etc.; (2) Other income and expenditure unrelated to the import and export of goods, such as international tourism Expenses, diplomatic personnel fees, remittances from expatriates, fees for the use of patent franchise, dividends and dividends remitted back from foreign investment, income and expenditure of services provided by companies or individuals abroad. The income in the above items is called "intangible exports"; the expenditures in the above items are called "intangible imports."
Since tangible trade is due to customs clearance, its amount is shown in the customs statistics of a country; intangible trade does not go through customs procedures, and its amount is not reflected in customs statistics, but it is displayed on a national balance of payments.
Re-export and re-import (I) Re-export
Re-export refers to the fact that foreign merchants' mouths are exported without processing after being imported, and are also called re-exports. Re-exports are largely related to the operation of re-export trade.
(B) Re-import
Re-import refers to the export of domestic goods to foreign countries, which are imported into China without processing and also called re-import. Many re-imports were caused by accidental reasons such as export returns.
Term of Trade Terms of Trade (Terms of Trade) are also known as exchange rates or trade prices, that is, the ratio between export prices and import prices, that is, how many imported goods can be exchanged for one unit of export goods. It is calculated using the export price index and the import price index. The formula for calculation is: export price index/import price index X100. For a certain period of time as the base period, first calculate the base-period import-export price ratio as 100, and then calculate the import-export price ratio in the comparison period. Then compare it with the base period, if it is greater than 100, it means that the trade terms are more favorable than the base period; Less than 100 means that the terms of trade are worse than the base period, and the exchange efficiency is worse than the base period.
Geographical Direction of Foreign Trade and International Trade (1) Geographical Direction of Foreign Trade Geographical directions of foreign trade, also known as the distribution of foreign trade regions or country structures, refer to the status of various countries or regional groups in a country’s foreign trade during a certain period of time. They are usually expressed as the proportion of their total imports or exports in the country or total imports and total exports. The geographic direction of foreign trade indicates the destination of a country’s exports and the origin of imported goods, thus reflecting the degree of economic and trade links between a country and other countries or regional groups. The geographical orientation of a country’s foreign trade is usually influenced by economic complementarities, the form of international division of labor, and trade policies.
(II) Geographical Direction of International Trade The geographical direction of international trade, also known as “International Trade by Regionâ€, is used to indicate the status of various continents, countries, or regional groups in international trade. Calculating the proportion of countries in international trade can not only calculate the proportion of each country's import and export volume in the world's total import and export volume, but also calculate the proportion of the total import and export volume of each country in the total amount of international trade (the total volume of world imports and exports).
Since foreign trade is the exchange of goods between a country and other countries, the foreign trade is classified and analyzed according to the classification of goods and by country, that is, by combining the study of commodity structure and geographical direction, a country can be identified. The destination of different types of goods in exports and the sources of different types of goods in imports are of great significance.
Foreign Trade and International Trade Commodity Structure Foreign trade commodity structure refers to the composition of various commodities in a country's import and export trade in a certain period of time, that is, the ratio of the import and export trade of a certain category or certain commodity to the total import and export trade, in terms of share. Indicated. The structure of international trade commodities refers to the composition of major commodities or certain commodities in the entire international trade in a certain period of time. That is, the trade volume of each major commodity or certain commodity is compared with the total export trade volume of the world and expressed by the proportion. For ease of analysis and comparison, countries in the world and the United Nations compare and analyze the international trade and foreign trade commodity structure published by the United Nations "International Trade Commodity Standard Classification" (SITC).
A country’s foreign trade commodity structure can reflect the country’s economic development level, industrial structure status, and the level of scientific and technological development.
The structure of international trade commodities can reflect the level of economic development, the state of industrial structure, and the level of technological development of the entire world.
Intellectual Property Trade According to the “Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement†reached by the Uruguay Round of the GATT, intellectual property rights include the following: copyrights, patents, trademarks, geographical indications, industrial designs, integrated circuits, designs (distributions) Etc. are important intangible assets that are protected by special laws.
Trade in services According to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATT) concluded by the Uruguay Round of the GATT, service trade means: “provide services from one member’s territory to any other member’s territory; provide service to any other member’s service consumer within one member’s territoryâ€. A member's service provider provides services in commercial presence within any other member's territory; a member's service provider provides services in the presence of natural persons within the territory of any other member." The service department includes the following: business services, communications services, construction And related engineering services, sales services, education services, environmental services, financial services, health and social services, tourism-related services, entertainment, culture and sports services, and transportation services.
Balance of trade is the difference between the total value of a country's exports over a given period of time (eg, one year, six months, one season, and one month) and the total value of imports. When the total value of exports equals the total value of imports, it is called the "trade balance." When the total value of exports is greater than the total value of imports, there will be a trade surplus, which will be referred to as "trade surplus" or "exceeding." When the total value of imports is greater than the total value of exports, a trade deficit occurs, which is referred to as "trade deficit" or "increase." Usually, the trade surplus is expressed in positive numbers and the trade deficit is expressed in negative numbers.
The balance of a country’s import and export trade is an important part of its current account in the international balance of payments, and it is an important factor affecting a country’s international balance of payments.
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