High-efficiency and pollution-free cultivation technology of edible fungi in corn
The high-efficiency and pollution-free cultivation technique of edible fungi in corn is based on corn production, making full use of the shading conditions in the middle and late stages of corn growth, creating a field microclimate with suitable temperature and humidity, and creating suitable growth for the production of edible fungi in the high temperature season. surroundings. At the same time, the carbon dioxide released during the growth of edible fungi increases the photosynthetic efficiency of corn, promotes corn growth, and increases yield. The substrate waste after harvesting of edible fungi remains in the soil, increasing soil organic matter, fertilizing soil fertility, and achieving sustainable development of agriculture. The experimental demonstration showed that the edible fungus between corn, corn yielded 454.8kg per 666.7m2, the edible fungus yielded 4424.5kg per 666.7m2, the income per 666.7m2 was 7209.8 yuan, compared with pure corn, the net increase of 6669.4 yuan per 666. 7m.
1. The main technology of corn cultivation should comprehensively promote corn high-yield cultivation techniques, focusing on four key measures.
1.1 Selection of improved varieties, rational selection of good seeds is the key to high yield and high efficiency of corn and edible fungi. It is necessary to select fine varieties such as No. 13 and Nongda 108 with large production potential per plant. The corn that was intercropped in the wheat field was planted 10 days before the wheat harvest, and the seeds were planted in time after the wheat harvest. When planting, we should comprehensively consider the purpose of high yield and high efficiency of corn and edible fungi, and reasonably determine the seeding density. The yield of corn is composed of three factors: the number of ears per pan, the number of grains per panicle and the weight of 1000 grains. The change of any one of the three factors will cause the change of yield, and the product of the number of ears per pan, the number of grains per panicle and the 1000-grain weight will be maximized. The three factors of production and output can be coordinated to develop high yields. Among the three factors of corn yield, the number of ears per mu was the most active, and increased with the increase of density. The number of grains per panicle decreased with the increase of density. If the seeding is too thin, although the 1000-grain weight and the number of kernels per spike are high, the yield is low due to the small spike; if the seeding is too dense, although the number of ears per mu is large, the 1000-grain weight is reduced, the yield is not high, and the seeding density is too high. Poor, thus affecting the yield and benefits of edible fungi. Therefore, the planting density is 3800-4000, and the number of cold-receiving plants per mu is not less than 3,500. This can not only maximize the yield of corn, but also facilitate the growth of edible fungi, and achieve the goal of high yield and high efficiency of corn-edible fungi.
1.2 Ensure the quality of sowing, improve the uniformity of corn, the inconvenience of seeding and seedling management of interplanting corn, often reduce the uniformity of corn. Corn uniformity is significantly positively correlated with yield, high uniformity, high utilization of light energy, and increased yield. To this end, we must do the following measures. One is the selection of seeds. Increasing the purity of seeds is the basis for improving the uniformity. High-quality seeds with high purity must be used. Sun seeding before sowing, remove small particles, worms, diseased grains to ensure purity. The second is suitable for the next species. The main reason for the lack of seedlings and ridges and the high rate of small plants in production is caused by insufficient sputum, especially during the period when the intercropped corn is planted with high temperature, high evaporation, high water demand, and more corn interplanting. Loss of fast, lack of seedlings and broken ridges is particularly serious. Therefore, interplanting corn should pay more attention to the planting of the foot. At the time of sowing, the water holding capacity of the soil field is maintained at 70%. In the case of drought, the sputum water and the seedling water should be poured. Third, the sowing depth is suitable, uniform and uniform. The fourth is to bring a good type of fertilizer to separate the seeds and fertilizers to prevent burning. The fifth is seed dressing seed dressing to prevent seedling pests. Armyworms, thrips, etc. are important pests in the corn seedling stage. Once the damage is caused, the seedlings are broken or ridges are formed, which seriously affects the uniformity of the corn and reduces the yield. Seed dressing with seed coating can effectively prevent seedling pests, promote growth and increase yield. Six is ​​the time and the seedlings are fixed. To achieve seedlings in the three-leaf seedlings, remove the diseased seedlings, weak seedlings, and keep the seedlings in order to ensure uniformity. Seven is the partial tube of the seedlings, chasing the eccentric fertilizer, so that the corn grows evenly and improves the uniformity.
1.3 Increasing investment, strengthening management and rational fertilization, and increasing investment are the key to achieving high corn yield. Corn grows fast and requires a large amount of fertilizer. It is impossible to obtain high yield without sufficient fertilizer input. Therefore, according to the ground force and production level, according to the law of fertilizer, scientifically determine the reasonable amount of fertilizer, so that nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium combined application. In the fertilization method, it is generally mastered that all the phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, micro-fertilizer and organic fertilizer base application (interplanting corn combined with fixed seedlings once applied). On the basis of applying the base fertilizer, the nitrogen fertilizer is applied in several stages. The principle of applying nitrogen fertilizer is to apply the stalk fertilizer lightly, apply the attacking fertilizer and replenish the grain fertilizer. For the first time, the stalk fertilizer was applied to the 6-7 leaves of the plant. The stalk fertilizer has the function of promoting the roots and promoting the strong stalks of the leaves, and lays a good foundation for the large granules of the stalks, and applies 10-15 kg of urea per 666 and 7 square meters. The second time in the plant visible leaves 16-17, is in the vegetative growth and reproductive growth period, requiring more fertilizer and water, is the key period to determine the number of large grains, per 666, 7 million meters of urea 2.5- 30kg. The third time is when the corn is plucked, chasing the attacking fertilizer, ensuring the full supply of inorganic nutrients, prolonging the green leaf period, increasing the photosynthetic accumulation, increasing the grain weight, and applying 5 kg of urea per 666 and 7 square meters. On the basis of rational fertilization, it is necessary to provide water supply on demand, watering in case of drought, and encountering drainage to create soil conditions that are conducive to high yield of corn. At the same time, it is necessary to carry out cultivating loose soil, promote corn growth and increase corn yield.
1.4 Reasonable planting method In order to facilitate the cultivation and management of edible fungi, the row spacing of corn should be adjusted appropriately. The summer live corn is planted in large and small rows, with a large toe of 140cm and a small row spacing of 60cm. Four rows of bacteria sticks are planted between large rows of rows; corn in the wheat field is broken in 10 days before the wheat harvest, and 2 rows of corn are planted in the back, with a row spacing of 40cm. Plant 2 rows of bacteria sticks.
2. Edible mushroom intercropping technology. In order to make the growth and development of edible fungi suitable for the corn field environment, a plastic bag-filled rod cultivation method is adopted. Its advantages: First, to minimize the contamination of bacteria. In the process of inoculation and fermentation, the whole culture material will not be affected by pollution; the second is that the bagged cultivation has good sealing and moisturizing properties due to the sealing effect of the plastic bag, and is stacked together in the process of sterilizing, which is better. The moisturizing effect of the heat.
2.1 Select suitable edible fungus corn intercropping edible fungus. Due to different environmental conditions and mushroom house and greenhouse cultivation, for the characteristics of high temperature in the middle and late stages of corn growth, high-quality edible mushrooms such as oyster mushroom and straw mushroom should be selected. it is good. It is characterized by adapting to high temperature environment, the growth temperature of mycelium is 15～35°C, and the growth temperature of fruit body is 20～32°C. When the corn enters the heading stage, the field temperature is 25～30°C, which is more suitable for mycelium growth. After the corn milk ripening period, the field temperature is about 23 °C, and the anastomotic fruit body grows and develops.
2.2 Selection of suitable culture materials There are many kinds of culture materials suitable for the growth of edible fungi. Among them, cottonseed hulls have the best effect, and their biological efficiency is higher, generally above 180%. When selecting materials, try to choose fresh, non-raining, mildew-free culture materials, and expose them for 2 to 3 days under the scorching sun to use the ultraviolet rays in the sun to kill the bacteria in the material. The formula is: cotton husk 100%, plus lime 2%, according to the ratio of material to water 1:1.2 ~ 1.3, evenly mixed, water content 60% ~ 65%, you can bag inoculation.
2.3 Bagging Inoculation Before the inoculation, the end of the plastic bag with a diameter of 25cm and a length of 47cm will be sewed, and the strains with good grades will be sprinkled some at the ligature, and then the uniform culture material will be mixed into the bag. Compaction, put a layer of bacteria into the one-third of the volume of the bag, continue to load, and also compact while loading, and then spread a layer of bacteria in the two-thirds of the bag, using the same method Continue to charge to the mouth of the bag to spread a layer of bacteria, compact the bag and tighten the mouth. Special attention should be paid to the handling of the materials, the spoilage and the handling of the whole process, do not break the bag, so as not to cause contamination of the bacteria, 1.5kg per bag culture.
2.4 The bag is sprayed and disinfected with lime water or sterilizing liquid in the selected idle house. Keep the house ventilated and cool, the sun can't be direct, and the doors and windows are covered with straw curtains. The inoculated bag is gently moved into the room for sterilizing. Generally, the bag is stacked, but it should not be too high or too thick. Aisle is left between the sputum and the sputum. The mycelium begins to germinate in 5 days, due to the fermentation produced by the bag itself. Heat, mycelium grows very quickly. The best cover on the pile to create a dark, cool environment. As the amount of mycelial growth increases, the temperature of the material increases and the room temperature increases. At this time, the position of the bag should be exchanged every day. When the hyphae of the bag grows to 3 to 5 cm, the sterilized wire can be used to pass from one end of the bag to the other. One end, evenly penetrate 4 to 5 times to enhance ventilation and increase the speed of bacteria. When the stacking temperature reaches 28 °C or the temperature inside the material reaches 30 °C, it should be sprayed to the stacking surface to cool down in time, and at the same time Check the pollution situation. If the contamination of the bacteria is found, it should be removed immediately, and the site of the bacteria should be properly disposed.
2.5 When the mycelium is full of bacteria bags, the corn enters the heading stage at this time, and the bacteria bags of the good bacteria are piled up in the corn row, and the height is 3 layers, and the pile is covered and sprayed to cool down. Stimulation at low temperature for 2 to 3 days. When a large number of mushroom buds are formed at both ends of the bag and the bag is full, the mouth is loosened and the air humidity is maintained between 85% and 95%. As the fruiting body grows, the mouth of the bag should be gradually loosened and enlarged to facilitate the rapid growth of the fruiting body. After the first mushroom is taken, the bag mouth is tied up and a small hole is left to achieve the cultivation and Promote the purpose of the formation of fruiting bodies.
2.6 Planting of mushroom bags and management of mushrooms After the first mushroom is harvested, the bagging of the corn is carried out in the corn row, and the corn in the spring and summer live is 100cm in the large row spacing.
Deep 30cm, after filling the water and waiting for the water to seep, the plastic bag outside the bacteria bar is planted in the ditch, and 4 rows are planted in the ditch; in the same way, the corn intercropped in the wheat field is ditch 50cm deep in the kneading dough. 30cm, plant 2 strains of bacteria, and then cover the soil 2 ~ 3cm, spray appropriate amount of water, to moisturize the bacteria rod, 7 ~ 9 days after the production of the second mushroom, into the normal mushroom management.
Since the climate is difficult to control, the following points should be noted in management: First, ensure the humidity in the field. When the relative humidity above the ground in the field is less than 80%, it is necessary to spray water to ensure the humidity in the field is 85%-95%. Second, in the case of rainy weather, the mushrooms should be collected before the rain, and should not be covered with plastic film when picking, so as to avoid rain. The splashed sand affects the quality of the mushroom body and reduces its commercial value. Third, the temperature of the corn after entering the middle of August is high. It should pay attention to the shade and temperature, prevent the hyphae from aging at high temperature, and the temperature will decrease after the end of September. It can remove the covering and continue to strengthen the management of the mushroom. It can prolong the mushrooming period and increase the yield. Generally, it can produce 4~5 mushroom; the fourth is the regular management of corn in the late growth stage. When harvesting corn, the corn cob is collected first. After the mushrooms are finished, harvest the straw.
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