With the development and advancement of science and technology, a large number of dangerous and corrosive dangerous chemicals are constantly emerging. Most of these substances can interact with human body fluids or body tissues, disturb or destroy normal physiological functions, causing temporary or Persistent pathological conditions, even life-threatening. Ways in which the human body is damaged by dangerous chemicals Digestive tract Mainly refers to the poison caused by oral or swallowing dangerous chemicals, absorbed into the human body through the digestive tract, may also cause burns, and may not be completely washed after exposure to toxic substances, due to drinking water or eating through the digestive tract Enter the human body. 2. Respiratory tract Human physiology determines the need for humans to breathe air that is high in oxygen and free of contaminants. However, air in the environment such as accident rescue and fire accident sites usually contains a large amount of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine gas, and acrolein, and it is impossible to ensure that the air is sufficiently cleaned. Once inhaled air with low oxygen content or toxic substances, it will cause hypoxia or poison to human tissues, causing damage or death. According to relevant information, when the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air is 0.5%, people will die after 20 minutes; when the concentration is 1%, people will lose consciousness after only taking a few mouthfuls, and will be seriously poisoned after 1 to 2 minutes, even death. In general fire smoke, the concentration of carbon monoxide can reach 4 to 5%, and the highest can reach about 10%. Hydrogen cyanide gas is more toxic and can cause death by "lightning poisoning".
3. Skin and mucous membranes
The skin is mainly to protect the normal "ecological environment" inside the human body by protecting the physical and chemical effects of the outside world, and it is the most powerful barrier for the human body. There are three layers of skin: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis contains the stratum corneum, which is very effective against external influences. The inner layer of the epidermis is the dermis, which is rich in connective tissue and blood vessels, sweat glands, and also contains receptors and sebaceous glands. The skin glands secrete oils with special ingredients to lubricate the skin, and have waterproof function, and to some extent prevent bacterial damage. . The innermost layer of skin is the subcutaneous tissue. The thickening of the stratum corneum caused by long-term contact with water (such as the hand of the swimmer's skin shrinking) or the dehydration caused by low water content (in the winter, the hands and skin will be tight and dry) will lead to The skin's defense function is reduced; in addition, contact with chemicals can also reduce the skin's resistance by chemical or alkaline reactions or by the production of allergic substances. If you have a skin disease, it will reduce the skin's resistance. Although some substances are completely inaccessible to the skin, some toxic substances can easily penetrate the skin and cause damage to the human body, such as solvents such as toluene and xylene, or substances dissolved in petroleum/gasoline in a free manner. Such as tetraethyl lead. First aid for damage to hazardous chemicals In the process of production, storage, transportation and use of hazardous chemicals, strict protective measures should be taken to avoid damage to the human body. In the event of a leak, poisoning and burns should be treated immediately. 1. Enter the poison contaminated area safely For contaminated areas of dangerous chemicals such as toxic hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide, as well as severe anoxic environment, it must be ventilated immediately, and ambulance personnel should take effective protective measures such as oxygen-containing gas masks before they can be rescued. 2. Thoroughly remove poisonous pollution to prevent continued absorption Immediately after removing the contaminated area, remove contaminated clothing and pay attention to remove contaminants from skin, hair and even nails. Toxic and chemical burns that can be absorbed by the skin should be washed with plenty of water or other alternative detoxification and neutralizing solution on site. Toxic substances invade into the body, should be thoroughly gastric lavage or vomiting in time, remove the poison in the stomach, and use neutralizing and detoxifying drugs to reduce the absorption of poisons. 3. Quickly save lives After the poisoned person leaves the poisoned area, he should immediately start the first aid on the spot. The heart stops immediately punching the chest wall of the heart or for a chest heart massage, or directly injecting drugs into the heart, raising the lower limbs to lower the head. Breathing stoprs should immediately do artificial respiration, preferably with mouth-to-mouth insufflation; when the drug is not suitable for mouth-to-mouth method, Sjog artificial respiration can be used, artificial respiration and chest external heart massage can be alternated until the recovery Autonomous heartbeat and breathing. First-aid operations should not be violent, so as not to cause new damage. Splashes of poison into the eyes should be washed immediately with water, or the face should be immersed in the basin of clear water, open your eyes and constantly shake your head, dilute and wash away the poison. Treatment of dangerous chemical damage
Inadvertently swallowing poisoning
In case of accidental swallowing of dangerous chemicals, in addition to repeated mouthwashes to remove toxic substances in the mouth, it is necessary to take vomiting, gastric lavage, diarrhea and other methods to remove toxic substances in time, and should be treated according to the characteristics of toxicants, detoxification, anti-virus and other detoxification drugs. . 2. Respiratory tract poisoning The airway should be kept open first. The first is to use drugs to prevent the occurrence of glottic sputum and laryngeal edema; the second to prevent emphysema and cerebral edema; the third to cause hemoglobin degeneration to be treated according to the cause; the fourth to prevent hemolysis Renal failure; the fifth is to be based on the cause of the special effects of antidote and general clinical symptomatic treatment. 3. Acute skin absorption and burns Immediately remove contaminated clothing, rinse with plenty of water or use lukewarm water to disable hot water. The rinsing time is not less than 15 minutes. The earlier the rinsing, the more thoroughly the better. Then wash with soapy water, apply a liquid or protective ointment that neutralizes the poison, and observe the thoroughness of the cleaning. Rinse with plenty of clean water when skin burns occur. Level 1 burns do not require special medical care (such as sunburn). If there are blisters on the face or burns that are larger than the secondary burn of the palm of your hand, do not puncture the blisters. Immediate medical treatment is necessary, otherwise there is a risk of infection. Third-degree burns should be treated immediately. |
